At the end of last year, Australia's Security Legislation Amendment (Critical Infrastructure) Act 2021 became law to give government "last resort" powers to direct an entity when responding to cyber attacks, which included introducing a cyber-incident reporting regime for critical infrastructure assets.
Those laws were originally drafted to be wider in scope, with Home Affairs proposing other obligations for organisations within critical infrastructure sectors.
Provisions seeking to enshrine those obligations were eventually set aside, however, with the federal government deciding to follow a recommendation made by the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security (PJCIS) to have those omitted aspects introduced under a second Bill.
That second Bill, Security Legislation Amendment (Critical Infrastructure Protection) Bill 2022, was introduced into Parliament by Home Affairs Minister Karen Andrews last week.
In this second Bill, the federal government is seeking to introduce risk management programs for critical infrastructure entities and enhanced cybersecurity obligations for those entities most important to the nations, which include providing reports of system information and risk assessments to the Australian Signals Directorate (ASD).
The risk management program obligation, if it were to become law, would apply to entities within the 11 sectors classified as critical infrastructure sectors in the first Bill. The enhanced cybersecurity obligations, meanwhile, would apply to a smaller subset of entities that hold assets that are classified as systems of national significance.
Appearing before Senate Estimates on Monday morning, Home Affairs Secretary Mike Pezzullo said the Bill before Parliament would create a standardised critical infrastructure framework to enable the ASD to approach cyber attacks in a precautionary fashion due to the additional information it would receive.
"Up until now, we haven't had common nomenclature, we haven't had common reporting cadences, we haven't had common reporting thresholds. Should the second Bill pass, obviously, we're in the hands of the Parliament, what that will do is provide a standardised framework for both regulating and operating across the 11 designated sectors," Pezzullo said.
He also likened the pair of critical infrastructure legislation to being Australia's "defence" against cyber attacks, whereas the national ransomware plan acts as the "offence".
"You've got to go on the offence, which is where the government ransomware action plan takes you. We've also got to play defence, that is to say, you've got to mitigate the risk as much as you can because today the attack vector is ransomware. The criminal and state actors who use ransomware will, once [it's been thwarted], will then find another way," he said.
Home Affairs also made a submission to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security (PJCIS), which commenced a new inquiry to scrutinise the Bill on the same day it was introduced into Parliament.
In the submission, Home Affairs said the cost for each entity to run the risk management program, on average, would consist of a one-off AU$9.7 million for setting it up and an annual ongoing cost of AU$3.7 million.
Due to the cost and additional regulatory burden that the Bill would place onto these critical infrastructure entities, which includes universities, Home Affairs said it has been working closely with industry experts and stakeholders from across the designated sectors for how best to handle that regulatory burden.
Home Affairs said the program was drafted following over 100 engagement with those experts and stakeholders.
Later in the day, another Home Affairs representative provided Senate Estimates with more information about its search for a vendor to perform work on the country's identity-matching services. Home Affairs National Resilience and Cybersecurity deputy secretary Marc Ablong said his department's search is for a vendor to manage the country's identity-matching services and the underlying infrastructure.
"It's not about moving forward on the identity matching services beyond what we currently have approval for," Ablong said.
The country's identity-matching services currently consist of three components, with one being the DVS, a national online service used to check in real time whether a particular evidence-of-identity document is authentic, accurate, and up to date. The other two are a face-matching services hub and a national driver licence facial recognition solution.
"[Home Affairs] does not collect the images, nor do we have a database of those images. They are all kept within the state registry," he added, when explaining the department's remit for these services.
Related Coverage
Home Affairs releases second Critical Infrastructure Bill with leftover obligations
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PJCIS concerned TSSR's 'do your best' requirements are not enough anymore
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